One of our top recommended football betting services is Predictology, which we reviewed here in 2020 and gave a PASSED rating to. Whilst over/under 2. My. The focus of the show is the MLS and English Premier League, but with data from every major league in the world you never know what you are going to hear. 39 points generated from just 92 bets. The idea of trading on football matches remains at the heart of this site. – Serie A: 29 minutes. Auto Betting . Compare Tipsters; Today’s Free Horse Racing Tips; Horse Racing Tipsters; Football TipstersBfbot Manager Coupons & Promo Codes for Jul 2023. Predictology is a platform that helps you analyse, build, and bet on football matches with data, trends, and insights. 10% and a strike rate of 57. Latest Blog Posts 11. Home; Members Area; System Builder; Match Analysis. 75 - 224% improvement | Copy This Profitable And Automated Football. A combination of cutting edge insights and easily identifiable betting trends. 5 before a game starts, but on the plus side a high proportion of games will have two or more goals. 36 instead of 1. To make their 8th birthday, they’re offering you full access to the Predictology suite of betting and trading software and tools FREE. Football Ratings (70% Win Rate | 10%+ ROI) Football Bets - Double Bank In Under 2 Months. 50 profit in April with an average of 52 Horse Racing tips per month, based on an average stake of £25They have made £-541. This is a low-cost, low-risk way of getting started on footie trading. . 0 Shortlists - Strategy Files. In Play Alerts . Predictology is a football betting strategy builder that allows you to analyse 300,000+ matches to find profitable bets in seconds. We provide a unique take on football data and sports betting data and statistics for analysis and enjoyment. The Betfair SP results continue to trail well behind those at advised prices,. This paper deals with the review on this short-term EQ prediction, including the impossibility myth of EQs prediction by seismometers, the reason why we are interested in electromagnetics, the history of seismo-electromagnetics, the ionospheric perturbation as the most promising candidate of EQ prediction, then the future of EQ predictology. Since 2011, they have accumulated over 750 points in profit. Our review of the service in 2016 yielded impressive. Do you agree with Predictology's 4-star rating? Check out what 3 people have written so far, and share your own experience. 00 profit in July with an average of 34 Football tips per month, based on an average stake of £25They have made £407. The tipster himself comes from the Cotsworlds near Cheltenham (hence the name) and grew up with horse racing. Under Review Nap of the Day – launched 28th March. It was released in 2009 and has made a healthy profit every year since. Recent Posts. While not free to join, Predictology constantly refines its own prediction models so that you can see which have best track record in terms of. Today, this is a 2 parter of our "best of the best" help guides. Introduction to Predictology Most betting services on the market these days all seem to fall into a few different categories, more or less. . We show you six ways that you can instantly start profiting with Predictology Today. AI ReportA group for experienced bettors and traders to discuss and share betting and trading models, strategies and ideas based around the Predictology data platform. Premium Automated Betting Portfolio - Worth £830. Plan and track work Discussions. by CashMaster | 7th February, 2022. How To Use The Match Analysis Hub to discover value football bets | PredictologyToday's Bets & Trades. Predictology review videos aren't yet on YouTube so I wanted to record a series showing this football betting system builder software. be. Exact matches only Search in title Search in contentExact matches only Search in title Search in contentHere are the key reasons why theDailyTipster is considered the best sports tipster review and comparison site: theDailyTipster updates all tipster reviews, profits, ROI, strike rates and other key stats at least once a month to ensure the information is current, transparent and clearly lays out how we calculate each tipster’s profits, ROI. 8% profit on our lay stake) by simply clicking on the “Cash Out” button . The results published on the Away Wins website look very promising, with 180 points profit made since May of this year. Second Half Goal Strategy – Profit 83% Of The Time – Worth £97. Alexfootball Review - Updated August 2023 Alexfootball has made £43. With the right selection of matches and a disciplined approach, the lay the draw strategy can provide gradual and steady profits. We carry out independent and honest betting system reviews to help you find the most profitable and trustworthy betting tipsters, strategies and services. Member Area . Episode 1 - Preview More Free Tips From Predictology:. >>> Trial Predictology Membership: >>> Free Predictions: is the worlds first football betting strategy builder and analyser. Download Audiobooks written by Predictology to your device. Horse racing tipsters and football tipsters. Predictology has won the Oscar with 29% of the votes! Jon was thrilled when I broke the news to him. ti when combined with an average 2 Star high. You can access a powerful betting system builder, match. predictology. Predictology Review. Micro Betting Strategies & Tips – 26th January 2018. com, BetInfo24, Tipster Empire, Tipster Street. . Second Half Betting Strategy ; Insights. We previously had a look at Predictology last year but they have made considerable improvements to it. Bfbot Manager Coupons & Promo Codes for Jul 2023. These free tips are then sent direct to your inbox each day in the “Daily Digest” which provides some of the best hand-picked selections from the Predictology team. Predictology is a football tips website that not only provides you with tips, it also allows you to create and test your own betting strategy based on a database of over 300,000 football matches. football betting. . Tools . Crypto. 19th April 2022 20 Minute System – Final Review. Member Area . The service also offers a free trial and a link with BF Bot Manager. If the bet loses, you would pay £0. 483 likes · 13 talking about this. Best Horse Racing Tipsters May 2023. Get this powerful football trading sheet for free with Predictology. Profiting Over The Summer ; Advanced: Draw Betting ; Advanced: Correct Score Trading Predictology is the leading football betting and trading data suite. . 25 profit in April with an average of 107 Football tips per month, based on an average stake of £25They have made £110. Predictology. 3. We carry out independent and honest betting system reviews to help you find the most profitable and trustworthy betting tipsters, strategies and services. The reviewers tend to rate it fairly well. The bets are below evens so the inside man needs to change the way he bets in order. 85 but this average was brought up by a few higher odds win bets. It has been around for some years and has amassed quite a following, leading to it winning numerous awards as a top horse-racing betting system. Saturday Trading Breakdown. The odds for there to be over 1. Never been shared before strategy that is consistently delivering a 15% Return On Investment. CI/CD & Automation DevOps DevSecOps Resources. The reviewer tested the service for three months and found it to be a useful tool for building profitable systems or following the Predictology team's recommendations. This paper consists of a few parts. 5 goals market is a simple one to bet on – you just need there to be at least two goals in a game to win your bet. 30th July 2020 29th July 2020 by Laura. Quickly identify value in the market and form the best betting and trading opportunities each day. To celebrate, they want to give you something pretty awesome…and it’s completely free to download before Monday! Download your FREE copy of “Who Let The Dogs Out” here Inside they will reveal to you the strategy – nicknamed “Who […]10. Subscribers gain access to a range of betting systems, each accompanied by comprehensive results and returns data, allowing them to choose which systems to follow. [noncount] : the act of saying what will happen in the future : the act of predicting something. Late Goals. From channels for football tips on Telegram to other forms of social media, we’re going to make it easier for you by revealing our favourite correct score tipsters. Predictology is the leading football betting and trading data suite. Episode 7 - Preview That Best Bet Jon - FC Dallas win at 1. In some ways the system is so simple we are surprised it has worked so well but at the end of the day you can’t argue with the results. Match Analysis. You can. Latest Blog PostsPredictology is a football betting and trading data suite that helps its users make better decisions when betting on football by providing the latest data, trends, and insights, including system building, match analysis, auto betting, and access to its data platform and toolkit. Backtesting / System Creators. It is our goal to make Predictology the ultimate football betting toolkit. 57 points profit after trading 10 games across 4 hours. 70 using £10 per point stakes and the ROI was a massive 35%. MENU MENU. 28 (which equates to 32. First analysis date: 11/08/2022. So hot that last weekend, the service. It’s important to have a disciplined approach to betting and to stick to the system you have chosen. Apparently hundreds of people have been caught in this scam, so we thought we would draw your attention to it so that hopefully. ftu. To continually generate a profit however puts you in elite company and shows that you have an edge over the market. Second Half Betting Strategy ; Insights. Exact matches only Search in title Search in contentHorse racing tipsters and football tipsters. 1% of their customers pay the higher rate, but given that Betfair has over 4 million customers, that still amounts to 4,000. So the second team is definitely able to create more dangerous scoring opportunities, as they create 0. Match Shortlists ; Match Shortlist Guide ; AI Report ; LiveDuring our three month review, we banked £766. Discord Community . Our AI system has identified 2 Champion Europe teams with a greater than 50% chance of a clean sheet for #sorare gameweek 361. 25 profit in the last 3 months with a ROI this month of 5. Goal King is the new, unparalleled, and pioneering goal betting service from our sister, Football Advisor. You can create systems based on markets, form, leagues or even individual teams with our extensive and flexible betting. Little Acorns is a low-liability laying system for use solely on Betfair (or other suitable exchange). In the five months that the service had been running prior to our review, they were yet to have a losing month, averaging 12. That equates to over £1900 profit to £50 stakes so we are. Lay Betting Models & Selections. Bank Growth: -27% (Betfair SP) Cost:fo. However, his experience is they tend to be short-lived as he covered so many options. . 25 Followers. 5. . One of the. But imagine if you had 10 or 15Shop Predictology Review at Temu. Predictology. JK Diego’s Draw Betting System. The Maria Laying System is a reasonable approach to lay betting that is apparently effective at managing risk and maximising profit. Bets For Today Review. The score is calculated based on subjective and objective evaluation criteria that can be divided into 4 categories: UX / Ease of Use. Quickly identify value in the market and form the best betting and trading opportunities each day We have just been alerted to a potential scam involving a renowned and respected tipster known as JPW Racing Tipster. Betting Gods verify all there tipsters and are the best rated. 12 in commission – i. by CashMaster | 7th February, 2022 Predictology is the world’s leading football betting system builder and analyser, covering 68 major global leagues, with over. To learn more on the methods behind AI Football bet selection. Predictology – Final Review. Match Analysis . When it comes to betting, there are several ways that might help you increase your chance of winning--and one of these ways is using a football prediction we. Predictology is a database of football statistics allowing you to build your own football betting systems or use those developed by the Predictology team. 87. With you soon…! colinsmalley@btinternet. 00. Result Review: This month so far, our Prediction Models are performing quite well. Latest Blog PostsThe next key point in this Ultimate Football Trading review is the cost. Top Racing Tips is a relatively long standing horse racing tipster service which is operated by one Jack Ashcroft. Betting Podcast. •. AI ReportThings continue to tick along nicely for horse racing tipster The Bet Professor, with a profit of 17 points made at advised prices since our last update. Banker Bets. 2. Backtesting / System Creators. co ranked by keyword and audience similarity for free with one click hereBfbot Manager Coupons & Promo Codes for Jul 2023. Date of experience: October 03, 2023. $49. There are different strategies you can employ, including using home and away stats, expected goals data or waiting. It is really easy to follow, and can be used in. Home; Members Area; System Builder; Match Analysis. We carry out independent and honest betting system reviews to help you find the most profitable and trustworthy betting tipsters, strategies and services. I have a formula which helps me keep one sheet updated when data in another sheet is updated, but one disappointing thing is only the contents of the original cell come across, not the formatting. It does cost a bit more but to me it saves time and its worth it. *Service reviews coming soon! Please keep in mind that this is not a finished table – we will add way more betting tools and custom query options for the user to have an ultimate overview of what is available on the market. A huge congratulations then to Goal Profits on sweeping yet another award and it was well deserved judging by all the. 25 profit in the last 3 months with a ROI this month of -14. – La Liga: 34 minutes. . To have made over 100 points at advised prices and 99 at BSP for such a minimal workload is worthy of high praise indeed. August is a BIG month at Predictology. 27 stars. There is a whole lot more to Ligue 1 than simply PSG, Messi, Mbappe and Neymar. With Predictology Episode 6: THAT Great Week Featuring Danny Vitiello If you like to hear, remember to leave a five star rating and a review. 87 percent ROI; Phil’s Tips. Update 1: -£162. Use MyWOT to run safety checks on any website. If you like to hear, remember to leave a five star rating and a review and we'll love you for ever. Domain creation date: 02/04/2014 (Over 2 years) Domain expiration date: 02/03/2026 (In over a year)Bf Bot Manager allows you to run an unlimited number of strategies (bots) at same time. Any Remiro or De Gea holders? To start your 7. Exact matches only Search in title Search in contentExact matches only Search in title Search in contentBetfair does not ban winners, though the premium charge is a significant disincentive for professionals, and the higher rate premium charge, an effective 60% tax on winnings, is punitive. Today's best Bfbot Manager Coupon Code: Take the best with the latest coupon right here At Bfbot Manager15th October 2022. Share Tweet Subscribe. Predictology – Final Review. If you put your email address in their site, you will be added to their list. Predictology is the leading football betting and trading data suite. co top 10 competitors & alternatives. At £20 per bet that would equate to £10,380 profit. Review Summary. I've forgotten my password. Exact matches only Search in title Search in contentJust as a reminder, as mentioned in our review introduction below we have verified the tips going back to January, which has given us 278 bets so far. All daily picks including the exclusive "Dangerous stock picks" as seen on Webull, speculative momentum stock pick, earnings picks, swing picks, elite member alerts, and more. Bet faster with our time saving features. 48 instead of 1. Join us on DISCORD! It's free to join and we're building a good community around Predictology and betting in general. Ladder Goals Strategy - Automated strategy that averages 13% ROI - Worth £97. Look at what’s inside 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 + ma t c h e s C u s t o m B u i l t S e r v e r – a n a l y s e a f u l l d a t a b a s. Analyse over 350,000 matches in seconds Access propriatary betting models (or develop your own) Value trading shortlists Full integration with BF Bot Manager for betting and trading automation Bet Tracker InPlay Alerts Telegram Alerts Betting Education and Training Football Betting | Football Trading | Football Trading. Learn more here: Profiting Over The Summer ; Advanced: Draw Betting ; Advanced: Correct Score Trading Predictology is the worlds first football betting strategy builder and analyser. Enter your email address and password. With Predictology Episode 6: THAT Great Week Featuring Danny Vitiello If you like to hear, remember to leave a five star rating and a review. User Rating 4. A micro-angle may only generate you 10 points a season. Predictology is the world’s leading football betting system builder and analyser, covering 68 major global leagues, with over 400,000 matches maintained in their database! Predictology is the complete football betting toolkit. The last purchase price I saw was £400 with a special discount code. We carry out independent and honest betting system reviews to help you find the most profitable and trustworthy betting tipsters, strategies and services. be. Telegram. We have a platform that is simple and user friendly however you will get a quick start guide to get you on your way. Predictology. Over the course of more than twelve years in the industry, Hugh has achieved a remarkable profit of 3,324 points with a return on investment exceeding 30%. blackfriday Cheltenham Cheltenham Racing Football FREE golf grandnational Horse Horses InReview Matched Mega Tipsters NBA portfolio predictology premier league ProBettingClub Profit profit-accumulator Rated. Some footy tipsters have a ROI percentage in the 70s or 80s, but keep in mind that this likely means that they haven’t placed many bets and have simply been successful on a few. If you are backing BTS “Yes,” ideally you want sides who are both strong offensively but weak defensively. Telegram. Trust & Security. In Play Alerts . Full Integration of the AI Match Analysis with BF Bot Manager. When we conducted our review, we found that 51. Create strategies that will bet or trade by predefined rules and run them 24/7. 75 profit in the last 3 months with a ROI this month of -49. Connect via private message. It is somewhat unique in that it is operated entirely through Twitter. We offer accurate mathematical football predictions based on dozens of statistical criteria, including xG metrics. We provide a unique take on football data and sports betting data and statistics for analysis and enjoyment. Quite often the odds of the draw are inflated and there are. Full Integration of the AI Match Analysis with BF Bot Manager 3. be. Here is confirmation of the top three then in the category of “Best Football Service 2020” as voted for by you, the members of Honest Betting Reviews: 1. Bet Tracker . Predictology – Final Review. So as you can see, a pretty narrow range of timings there, all. He is now in | Kris Brown - AKA MLS Card Guy - is our resident serious. AI ReportPredicting Second Half Goals ; Profiting Over The Summer ; Advanced: Draw BettingA group for experienced bettors and traders to discuss and share betting and trading models, strategies and ideas based around the Predictology data platform. We provide a unique take on football data and sports betting data and statistics for analysis and enjoyment. 0. Toggle navigation. He said "Oh wow, what a wonderful surprise it was to get your email Amy advising of our win for "Best Football Betting Tipster" Thanks so much to you, your readers and everyone who voted, we really appreciate it. Easy-peasy! 🙂. While the third tab (green) is our new instant bet alert tab. Predictology Predictology. The AI predicts the match scores, both teams to score, over and under goals using up to 10 years of data, it applies both the. This popular blog is about profiting from laying the draw. 50 profit in April with an average of 119 Football tips per month, based on an average stake of £25They have made £-28. . Overall we ended the session with 1. Having read through the manual and tested it out we can confirm that the system definitely works and has sound logic behind it. Real Sociedad and Man United. AI Football is a tipster service that advises single and double bets to be backed in the 1X2 market. 8% profit on our lay stake) by simply clicking on the “Cash Out” button . Analyse over 350,000 matches in seconds Access propriatary betting models (or develop your own) Value trading shortlists Full integration with BF Bot Manager for betting and trading automation Bet Tracker InPlay Alerts Telegram Alerts Betting Education and Training Football Betting |. FTUK offered exactly that. 0 on Betfair). Part 2. You can also use preloaded systems,. In just three months, Ollie barely touched the surface of what was available at Clear Bonus Profits but still managed to bank a healthy profit of £1,400. AI ReportWe have launched a "bet & forget" betting strategy. TheDailyTipster, a reliable review site for betting tipsters, can help you find experts who share your objectives. Home; Members Area; System Builder; Match Analysis. Match Analysis. Today's Bets & Trades. His maximum liability per trade was £50 (10% of the bank) but realistically the full liability was not at risk unless he had decided not to make any trading moves at. Toggle navigation. 497 likes · 7 talking about this. We had a live trading session on Sat / Sun covering the MLS. ClearlyDuring our three month review of Cleeve Racing, we banked 56. Telegram Alerts for the Daily. NAAnd this is why it’s so impressive. Website owners can request a review of the score by providing additional information via this form. Easy-peasy! 🙂. That works out at an impressive average of £467 profit per month. 5 goals are generally low – usually between 1. The odds are usually somewhere between 1. Predictology. Horse racing tipsters and football tipsters. Betting on over/under 1. 1. However, the same basic principles still apply. MENU MENU. Advanced Strategies: That's what we want when learning how to win by laying a draw. His latest system as we say is The 20 Minute System, which is a golf system. 5% ROI) from a total of 448 bets, increasing our starting bank by 76. Even with soaring interest rates, following the advice from Winning Footy. That means they are now 4 points up for our trial overall at advised prices. . Bfbot Manager Coupons & Promo Codes for Aug 2023. We carry out independent and honest betting system reviews to help you find the most profitable and trustworthy betting tipsters, strategies and services. 00. AI ReportMLS 2022 Week 1 | MLS Betting Tips | Predictology. Don't have an account? Click here to learn more!We carry out independent and honest betting system reviews to help you find the most profitable and trustworthy betting tipsters, strategies and services. In the 1st paper we present our own results on electromagnetic precursors to the 2011 EQ, including (1) subionospheric VLF/LF propagation anomaly, (2) ULF (ultra-low-frequency) magnetic field depression. It uses AI to find pro. We provide a unique take on football data and sports betting data and statistics for analysis and enjoyment. 55 - 255% improvement Trencin at 2. Steve Palmer. Blue Rose Publishers, Oct 3, 2022 - Body, Mind & Spirit - 265 pages. For a £10 stake, this translates to over £7,500, while a £25 stake would amount to £18,750. Winning Golf Betting Systems. These are calculated using £25 stakes per bet, Tipstrr verify all there 166 tipsters and are the largest Tipster site in the UK Tipster market. Introduction Top Racing Tips I can’t really recall having ever looked at something like Top Racing Tips before in a. All features Documentation GitHub Skills Blog Solutions For. Setup InPlay Alerts. 30th July 2020 29th July 2020 by Laura. Detailed information about Predictology. 1 Month Free Access To The Pro Community on Discord - Worth £97. 00. Profiting Over The Summer ; Advanced: Draw Betting ; Advanced: Correct Score TradingPredictology isn’t just another football statistics repository; it’s a sophisticated tool that empowers bettors with data-driven insights, allowing them to make informed decisions. A group for experienced bettors and traders to discuss and share betting and trading models, strategies and ideas based around the Predictology data platform. Home Possession. That would be £1,800 profit at £10 per point or £4,500 profit at £25 per point stakes. MENU MENU. . In our Sorare review, we explore this digital fantasy football platform where you can build a team and enter tournaments to compete for weekly prizes. Lot's of new things happening for members including. com; Website Enquiry: colinsmalley@btinternet. 691 views2 months ago Customisable Betting Portfolios Predictology 642 views2 months ago Predictology is the worlds first football betting strategy builder and analyser. We have just completed our trial, which took a little longer than the. 9 from their original price of 3. 7. We conducted our own review of. 22% of their tips were winners, which equated to a 12. It has reportedly made a very impressive 519 points profit in 18 months at one-point level stakes, which is excellent stuff. Learning Pathways. Profiting Over The Summer ; Advanced: Draw Betting ; Advanced: Correct Score TradingIf you like to hear, remember to leave a five star rating and a review and we'll love you for ever. His typical bet was around £2,000 a race. Subscribers gain access to a range of betting systems, each. 16ps Profit / 332% ROI. So if you’re looking for. He had previously provided tips alongside the senior golf tipster, Jeremy Chapman, before assuming the top position himself. Predictology. Create systems based on markets, form, leagues or even individual teams with our extensive and flexible betting platform. How We Trade The Correct Score Market Today we are going to show you a quick and easy way that you can starting Trading the Correct Score market successfully. 40 instead of 1. Value Trading Shortlist ; Best Bets ; Predictions. Join. It does cost a bit more but to me it saves time and its worth it. 18 Feb: Top Racing Tips Review. Toggle navigation. 13th May 2023. 4. 00% The an average risk rating of Racing. The 2nd part is based on the general review of seismo-electromagnetics, and the 3rd, the proposal of a new science field of EQ predictology. Horse racing tipsters and football tipsters. The average odds for the selections were 1. So as you can see, a pretty narrow range of timings there, all. It's a 11. Tipstrr Sale – 2 weeks for £2 for any tipster. Exact matches only Search in title Search in contentIn this review of the USA Racing Tipster we are including the results both from when we started this review (14th May) and from last August when we started following the service in a personal capacity. Here are the stats for the main European leagues for the 2019-20 season in terms of the average of when the first goal was scored in a game: – Bundesliga: 28 minutes. Laying Odds-on Shots. Be amongst it by being a. Clear Bonus Profits Review: Matched Betting Service. 17th June 2020 JK Diego’s Draw Betting System – 15 Month Update. Predict The Game with Predictology - Analyse over 350,000 matches, across 56 leagues and more than 100 betting variables to build the perfect football betting strategy. Home; Members Area; System Builder; Match Analysis. 11. AI ReportPredictology is it the most powerful football betting strategy builder and analyser? It analyses 300,000+ matches in seconds to find profitable bets Provide a Daily Digest for member Runs AI Machine learning for. Are you 18 years of age or older? Yes, I am 18 or older. 2nd July 2020 Goal Profits – Final Review. Bonus 3 – Ladder Goal Strategy. 67. – Premier League: 31 minutes. With Predictology Episode 3: THAT MLS Rivalry Week If you like to hear, remember to leave a five star rating and a review and we'll love you for ever. With the right selection of matches and a disciplined approach, the lay the draw strategy can provide gradual and steady profits. Many of the cells are colour-coded for different price ranges, or negative numbers coloured. Regular Contests With Top Prizes. Seeing that the best betting companies offer sweet promotions and free bets, our advice is to read their reviews on the bookmakers' page. co. – Ligue 1: 31 minutes. The strategy builder tool analyses over 350,000 matches, 68 competitions and over 100 variables in minutes to develop your perfect strategy. Toggle navigation. One of the earliest services we reviewed here at Honest Betting Reviews was a football betting service called Banker Bets. 55 profit, which was a 23. 12 commission – i. Ratings and Reviews for predictology - WOT Scorecard provides customer service reviews for predictology. 22This paper consists of a few parts. At the very least it will curb potential flights of fancy by imposing strict discipline on your betting strategy. See morePredictology is a platform that helps you analyse and create betting strategies for football matches. More Free Tips From Predictology… PREDICTORY definition: predictive | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Now just look at what happens to the odds of the draw on Betfair: The odds on the draw have shot out to around 5. Analyse over 350,000 matches in seconds Access propriatary betting models (or develop your own) Value trading shortlists Full integration with BF Bot Manager for betting and trading automation Bet Tracker InPlay Alerts Telegram Alerts Betting Education and Training Football Betting | Football Trading | Football Trading. In the 1st paper we present our own results on electromagnetic precursors.